Nothing is certain, it is said, but death and taxes.
Yet, many Americans know surprisingly little about the legal process that follows a loved one’s death.
A new report, titled The State of Probate in America, finds many Americans badly misinformed about basic facts of probate. Drawing from a representative survey of 1,000 adults, the report found:
◾ More than half of Americans have no idea what probate costs.
◾ Less than half of us understand that inheritance is not automatic.
◾ Only 2% of respondents know how long it takes to settle an estate.
The findings come from a study released this month by Trust & Will, a digital estate-planning platform.
The report suggests not many Americans fully comprehend the time and expense involved in probate – or its necessity.
“I think one of the most common misconceptions is that probate isn’t a big deal,” said Kelsey Simasko, an elder law attorney in Detroit.
It is. The average probate takes about 20 months, Trust & Will reports. But only 2% of survey respondents seemed to grasp that timeline.
“This is not a few weeks. This is months, guaranteed,” said Mitch Mitchell, product counsel at Trust & Will. “It is a full-time job when you take it on.”
More than half of survey respondents said they have no idea how much probate costs, and only 4% believed it would cost more than $10,000.
Probate typically costs 3% to 7% of the estate’s value, Trust & Will says. For an estate worth $500,000, costs might range from $15,000 to $35,000.
“I’ve rarely seen people overestimate the expense,” said Jonathan Swanburg, a certified financial planner in Houston.
Overall, more than half of survey respondents conceded that they don’t fully understand probate. Even so, 52% said they know it will be difficult.
“They tend to be afraid of it because they’ve heard horror stories,” said Seth Mullikin, a certified financial planner in Charlotte, North Carolina.
That fear could seed confusion in years to come.
With baby boomers reaching retirement and controlling roughly half of the wealth in America, researchers expect an unprecedented generational wealth transfer over the next 20 years. As much as $84 trillion could change hands.
Much of the money will go to millennials, who were born between 1981 and 1996. And many of them are unprepared.
In a companion report, Trust & Will found that one-third of millennials do not know if their parents have an estate plan. Among other findings:
◾ Only 58% of millennials have discussed estate planning with older relatives.
◾ 62% of millennials have no will or trust of their own.
Estate-planning experts cite two big reasons why we don’t know more about the probate process in general, and our own family’s estate plans in particular.
Many people only experience the full sweep of probate upon the death of their last surviving parent. The death of a first parent in a married couple can be relatively simple, at least from a probate perspective.
“You are probably only going through this process once,” said Colin Day, a certified financial planner in St. Louis.
Second, many adult children find it agonizing to discuss death and inheritance with an aging parent.
“It’s an uncomfortable conversation,” Mitchell said.
But it’s an important conversation. Probate laws vary by state and within some states.
“We have 254 counties here in Texas,” Mitchell said. “There are at least 254 different ways of doing probate because each judge gets to decide how they want the forms to look.”
State laws differ, too, on what happens if you die without a will. And that scenario is becoming more common.
The share of over 70 households with wills or trusts has been in steady decline, according to the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College. Between 2000 and 2020, that share dropped from 73% to 64%.
In a will or trust, a person instructs how to distribute property and other assets upon their death. When someone dies without a will, the courts take over.
But probate laws vary, and it can be hard to predict who gets what.
If a New York resident dies intestate, leaving a spouse and their biological children, the spouse inherits the first $50,000 of the estate plus half of the balance, and the rest goes to the children, according to an analysis by Trust & Will.
In Florida, under the same scenario, the spouse gets everything.
Here are some expert tips for anyone who is befuddled about how probate works, or afraid to broach estate plans with loved ones.
Retirement experts say most adults should have a will as part of a larger estate plan, which dictates not only what happens to our assets after death, but also who will manage our affairs in an emergency while we are alive.
Many experts say you should prepare an estate plan with an attorney: Estate plans are complicated, and you don’t want to make mistakes.
Other experts say it is fine to prepare a will without an attorney, especially if cost is an issue: Having a will, they say, is better than not having one.
An online estate planning service will generate a will for around $160, according to the National Council on Aging. The nonprofit offers an online guide.
Many adult children wince at the thought of approaching their parents to ask who will inherit what.
For that reason, experts say, aging parents should start the conversation themselves.
“It’s probably a lot more comfortable to come from the older generation,” said Harry Margolis, an estate planning and elder law attorney in Boston.
If you have multiple children with busy lives, Margolis said, gather them together on Zoom.
Investment accounts and life insurance policies often require you to name beneficiaries, the loved ones who will get the money upon your death.
For many of us, beneficiary designations function as an estate plan: they’re legally binding and dictate what happens to a large portion of your assets.
Naming beneficiaries now can greatly simplify the probate process later, or can help your loved ones avoid it altogether, experts say.
Where's the inheritance?Why fewer older Americans are writing wills or estate planning
When you die, you leave a tangle of utility bills, bank accounts, passwords and pins, all for your loved ones to unravel.
Create a file, on paper or your computer, and begin to assemble that information now, from your Netflix password to the last known location of your hide-a-key. Update the file as needed.
“I call it a treasure map,” Simasko said. “What you have; where it’s at.”
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