Newly uncovered military records obtained by CBS News may explain rare cancers and other illnesses among U.S. servicemembers deployed to an overseas base after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

The 2001 PowerPoint presentation about the Karshi-Khanabad air base in Uzbekistan, known as "K2," was compiled by an Army environmental testing team in the fall of 2001. The 17 slides in the presentation describe multiple hazards at the base including "enriched radioactive material" and pointed to air as the "pathway of greatest exposure concern," as well as "severe subsurface soil fuel contamination" that posed "a direct health threat if exposed."

"The records are the smoking gun. This is what we knew existed," Army Veteran Mark T. Jackson with the advocacy group The Stronghold Freedom Foundation told CBS News. "This is what they said never existed. And now we can prove it."

Approximately 15,000 service members passed through the base, which was used by American Special Operations teams to launch counterterrorism strikes into Afghanistan against al Qaeda and the Taliban after the 2001 attacks.

Early warnings 

U.S. Army Lt. Gen. (Ret.) John Mulholland, who led Task Force Dagger, was among the first into Uzbekistan and Afghanistan in the opening days of Operation Enduring Freedom in the Fall of 2001. 

Mulholland told CBS News that the Russians, who had previously occupied the base, treated K2 like a "dumping ground," and he personally called in the environmental testing teams when personnel got sick after digging a protective dirt barrier around the base.

Mulholland said there were "immediate concerns" about toxic materials found at K2 including jet fuel, solvents, as well as depleted and yellowcake uranium. He said the yellowcake was identified to him by military personnel with knowledge of these materials.

Asked about the suffering service members, Mulholland advocated "erring on the side of the veteran" and not subjecting them to endless studies.

Veterans' search for evidence

For two decades, U.S. Army veteran Mark T. Jackson combed through his deployment journals looking for answers, the ink-filled pages and yellow post-it notes documenting his failing health while he served at K2.

"All of a sudden, I went from being able to run marathons," Jackson said, "to barely being able to walk up a flight of stairs."

The 46-year-old now takes a daily cocktail of drugs to manage his thyroid disorder, chronic anemia and osteoporosis. Last year, he spent 58 days in the hospital for unexplained infections impacting his joints. 

A 2020 CBS News investigation documented toxic conditions at the base including soil saturated with jet fuel and solvents, as well as warnings about chemical agents and radiation.

Nearly two decades after American troops left K2, the U.S. government has not confirmed that toxic material at the base made Jackson and other service members sick.

"Both [the Defense Department] and [Veterans Affairs Administration] continue to assess the health effects of those deployed to K-2," the VA website states, "VA and DoD hope this research will provide more definitive scientific evidence on the relationship between health and exposures at K-2."

"It felt like someone had been lying to me. It felt like somebody had been gaslighting me," Jackson said.

Working with students at Yale Law School, the K2 veterans advocacy group Stronghold Freedom Foundation sued the U.S. government for records. The lawsuit alleges the missing information prevents K2 veterans from obtaining "accurate medical diagnoses and adequate treatment plans."

Jackson's search for evidence got a major boost in October when he received an email with the newly uncovered military records about radiation.

"Hopefully, the data is the missing link,"  said Army veteran Nick Nicholls, who sent the records to Jackson. Nicholls was part of the military team that tested the air and soil for hazardous material.

Nicholls described the conditions as "Nasty is the easiest way to say it. I mean, just total filth."

Nicholls was at K2 for about a month and says the environmental team photographed the radiation testing, documented in the PowerPoint because the readings were shocking.

"That is the — holy crap. This is like, you know, the — meter went off. It's like, you gotta get a picture of this," Nicholls said, commenting on the image.

However, Nicholls says he had no idea K2 veterans were suffering until last year when he heard about a Veterans Affairs zoom meeting. At that meeting, Nicholls tried to speak up about what he found at the base. He was told there would be no questions taken and his offer to help was rejected.

Following the Veterans Affairs meeting, Nicholls dug up the 2001 Powerpoint presentation, which he says documents a refined form of uranium known as "yellowcake" among other hazards.

Yellowcake uranium

In 2020, a Defense Department employee told CBS News he witnessed radiation readings "seven to nine times higher than normal background radiation" at the base. Military surgeon Gordon Peters previously told CBS News he also witnessed potential health hazards including a "field scattered with enriched uranium, partially enriched uranium, yellowcake."

Nicholls showed CBS News photographs of more soil samples containing what he also described as yellowcake, a refined form of uranium ore.

"It's almost like a dust and it can literally be caught up in the wind," Nicholls explained. "The long term effects are – you have a carcinogen in you."

CBS News asked two certified toxic exposure experts to review Nicholls' records and other declassified government documents about the base. They concluded K2 was a hazardous health environment and troops were at risk at the time.

"I would definitely say I would call it a toxic environment," said Robert Brounstein, who specializes in occupational safety and health. Brounstein has 38 years of experience and is certified in industrial hygiene and a hazardous materials manager.

"Once you get uranium into your lung tissue, it remains there and causes continuous damage – and that damage being cancer."

Asked if K2 was an environment that warranted the use of personal protective equipment, Brounstein replied: "Definitely." 

Government's response

The U.S. Department of Defense has consistently rejected the yellow cake claims. Last week, CBS News asked Deputy Pentagon Press Secretary Sabrina Singh again about the claims of yellowcake evidence at the base.

"We're not aware of any survey or report confirming the presence of yellowcake at K2 facilities," Singh said. 

CBS News asked whether the department would consider the newly uncovered military records.

"Yeah, I'd have to take that question," Singh answered.

In written statements, the Department of Defense and Veterans Affairs told CBS News that veterans' health care, safety and benefits are a priority.

A defense official said in a statement, "DoD is committed to the health and safety of our force. This includes the identification and mitigation of environmental health hazards in both the garrison and deployed environments.

Both the DoD and VA are working closely together and continue to assess the health effects of those deployed to K2. If ongoing surveillance, additional information or future studies show a link between K2 deployment and health issues, the…records of K2 deployers will be updated."

In a statement, the VA said "Under the PACT Act, Veterans exposed to burn pits, Agent Orange, and other toxic substances – including Gulf War era and post-9/11 Veterans – are eligible for presumptive benefits for more than 300 health conditions" as well as certain cancers.

The VA added that the PACT Act also "established new examination requirements for claims involving 'toxic exposure risk activity" that include a VA medical examination and medical opinion to determine "if the claimed disability is at least as likely as not due to the combined synergistic effects of all toxic exposure risk activity during service."

But Jackson says many of his medical conditions were denied because the VA doesn't consider them related to his military service. Experts have told CBS News that Jackson's health issues, which require daily injections, appear to be consistent with acute and long-term toxic exposure.

 "I've dedicated my life to this and it will take my life in the end," Jackson said.

Defense officials tell CBS News they are open to receiving additional information. A major study by Johns Hopkins on K-2 is expected later this year. 

In:
• Veterans
• 9/11

Catherine Herridge

Catherine Herridge is a senior investigative correspondent for CBS News covering national security and intelligence based in Washington, D.C.

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